{"id":5974,"date":"2020-05-05T23:52:53","date_gmt":"2020-05-05T15:52:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/gemchen.cn\/?p=5974"},"modified":"2020-05-05T23:52:53","modified_gmt":"2020-05-05T15:52:53","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e4%bf%a1%e6%81%af%e7%ae%80%e5%8f%b2%e3%80%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gemchen.cn\/?p=5974","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u4fe1\u606f\u7b80\u53f2\u300b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">[\u7f8e]\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u683c\u96f7\u514b. (2013). \u4fe1\u606f\u7b80\u53f2 (\u56fe\u7075\u65b0\u77e5 1)\n\n\u6249\u9875\n\n\u6240\u8c13\u91cf\u7eb2\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\n\u7406\u8bba\u5141\u8bb8\u610f\u8bc6\u2018\u8df3\u51fa\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\u2019\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u800c\u628a\u63e1\u8d85\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ea\u80fd\u501f\u52a9\u62bd\u8c61\u7b26\u53f7\u5b9e\u73b0\uff08\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u4e0d\u8bc1\u81ea\u660e\u7684\uff09\u3002\n\u4e07\u7269\u6e90\u81ea\u6bd4\u7279\uff08 It from Bit\uff09\u3002\n\u8fd9\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u89e3\u8bfb\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6096\u8bba\uff1a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u800c\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u5728\u63d0\u95ee\u548c\u8bb2\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63d0\u95ee\u548c\u8bb2\u8ff0\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u6bd4\u7279\u8868\u793a\u51fa\u6765\u3002\n\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u9605\u8bfb\u4ed6\u4eec\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u91cd\u62fe\u90a3\u79cd\u65e0\u90aa\u3001\u65e0\u77e5\u800c\u8499\u6627\u4e0d\u5bdf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u65b0\u9700\u6c42\u3002\n\n\u7b2c 1 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Ave\uff09\u663e\u73b0\u3002\n\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u59cb\u7ec8\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u5916\u6765\u8bed\u7684\u4fb5\u8680\u548c\u5145\u5b9e\u3002\u5b83\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u76ce\u683c\u9c81\u4eba\u3001\u6492\u514b\u900a\u4eba\u3001\u6731\u7279\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u6c11\u65cf\u5728\u516c\u5143\u4e94\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u8de8\u8fc7\u5317\u6d77\u8fdb\u5165\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u8d76\u8d70\u4e86\u539f\u6765\u5b9a\u5c45\u7684\u51ef\u5c14\u7279\u4eba\u3002\n\u6709\u4e9b\u51fa\u8fc7\u8fdc\u95e8\u7684\u7ec5\u58eb\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u5bb6\u4e61\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7231\u7a7f\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u5947\u88c5\u5f02\u670d\u56db\u5904\u62db\u6447\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u559c\u6b22\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u5939\u6742\u5916\u8bed\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6700\u8fd1\u4ece\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f52\u6765\u8005\uff0c\u5c31\u6ee1\u53e3\u5e26\u6cd5\u56fd\u8154\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e5f\u5c45\u7136\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4e3a\u803b\u3002\n\u8003\u5fb7\u91cc\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u5178\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7 dictionary\uff08\u8bcd\u5178\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u5e76\u672a\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5185\u3002\n\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6bd4\u82f1\u8bed\u8981\u53ef\u9760\u4e9b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u8f83\u5c11\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u88ab\u6ee5\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u7f3a\u5c11\u5f88\u591a\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\n\u73b0\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5c9b\u4e0a\u7531\u5be5\u5be5\u4e94\u767e\u4e07\u5c45\u6c11\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e3a\u6587\u76f2\uff09\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e86\u3002\nto drink the Kool- Aid\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u670d\u4ece\u548c\u5fe0\u8bda\u3002\uff08gem: \u53c2\u89c1\u4eba\u6c11\u5723\u6bbf\u6559\u548c\u743c\u65af\u9547\u60e8\u6848\uff09\n\n\u7b2c 4 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Regiomontanus\uff09\u7f16\u7e82\u3001\u4e8e\u53e4\u767b\u5821\u53d1\u660e\u6d3b\u5b57\u5370\u5237\u672f\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u5728\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u5370\u5236\u7684\u661f\u5386\u8868\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u4ed6\u51c6\u786e\u9884\u6d4b\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u6708\u98df\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u571f\u8457\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u56de\u56fd\u3002\n\u201c\u8ba1\u7b97\u5458\u201d\uff08 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5 \u7ae0\u3000\u5730\u7403\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u5c31\u90a3\u4e48\u51e0\u6839\u7834\u7535\u7ebf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u6307\u671b\u5b83\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\uff09\n\n\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6e38\u620f\u53eb\u505a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6084\u6084\u8bdd\uff08 Chinese Whispers\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53eb\u505a\u4ee5\u8bb9\u4f20\u8bb9\uff0c\u5728\u571f\u8033\u5176\u53eb\u505a\u54ac\u8033\u6735\uff08 From Ear to Ear\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u5219\u76f4\u63a5\u53eb\u505a\u6253\u7535\u8bdd\uff08 Telephone\uff09\u3002\n\u4f7f\u7528\u7f16\u7801\u4e66\u5199\u51fa\u4e8e\u4e24\u79cd\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u5bc6\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u4e86\u7b80\u660e\u3002\n\n\u7b2c 6 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meta-\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u4e2d\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u4e4b\u540e\u201d\uff0c\u6307\u5728\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4f5c\u54c1\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u610f\u4e49\u7b49\u62bd\u8c61\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u88ab\u7f16\u6392\u5728\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff08 physics\uff09\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u4f46\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u6ce8\u89e3\u5bb6\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5c06\u5176\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u540e\u6765\u6709\u4e86\u201c\u5143\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5143\u8bed\u8a00\u201d\u7b49\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\n\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u54e5\u5fb7\u5c14\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6d3d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f53\u7cfb\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u4e14\u81ea\u6d3d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\n\u5728\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u5929\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u54e5\u5fb7\u5c14\u5728\u4f1a\u4e0a\u9996\u6b21\u516c\u5f00\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u8d77\u4ec0\u4e48\u53cd\u54cd\u3002\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u786e\u5b9e\u542c\u4e86\u8fdb\u53bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\uff0c\u53eb\u505a\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u00b7\u4e9a\u8bfa\u4ec0\uff08 Neumann J \u00e1 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L.\u95e8\u80af\u5c31\u66fe\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4e3a\u7406\u60f3\u800c\u727a\u7272\u56fa\u7136\u53ef\u8d35\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u4e86\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u800c\u727a\u7272\uff0c\u5219\u66f4\u4e3a\u53ef\u8d35\uff01\u201d\n\u540e\u6765\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u6709\u4e86\u201c neither rhyme nor reason\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u5408\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u9053\u7406\u3002\u2014\u2014\n\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u635f\u4eba\u5229\u5df1\u7684\u6a21\u56e0\u4e5f\u6700\u6709\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u6740\u5f0f\u70b8\u5f39\u88ad\u51fb\u8005\u80fd\u4e0a\u5929\u5802\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\n\u800c\u5230\u4e86 1989\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\u95ee\u4e16\u800c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u540d\u719f\u7ec3\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\n\u4f60\u8bf4\u8c01\u624d\u662f\u4e3b\u4eba\u800c\u8c01\u53c8\u662f\u5974\u96b6\uff1f\n\n\u7b2c 12 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IBM\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4ed6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6279\u53d7\u5230\u4f01\u4e1a\u503e\u529b\u652f\u6301\u800c\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u5374\u5bf9\u8d44\u52a9\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9e\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\n\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u6570\u5b66\u89c6\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u501f\u4ee5\u62b5\u8fbe\u7edd\u5bf9\u771f\u7406\u7684\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5076\u7136\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\n\u968f\u673a\u5e8f\u5217\u662f\u201c\u6b63\u89c4\u7684\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7528\u8bed\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ece\u957f\u671f\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u60c5\u51b5\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u90fd\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u5b57\u4e00\u6837\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u6982\u7387\u4e3a\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\n\u56e0\u4e3a\u6839\u636e\u9999\u519c\u91c7\u6837\u5b9a\u7406\uff0c\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u7684\u6ce2\u5f62\u662f\u65e0\u635f\u7684\n\u4e00\u5982\u8bd7\u6b4c\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u610f\u5728\u4f7f\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fbe\u5230\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u6709\u97f3\u4e50\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u76f4\u62b5\u6839\u5e95\uff0c\u90a3\u5b83\u52bf\u5fc5\u662f\u5355\u8c03\u4e4f\u5473\u7684\u3002\n\u8fdb\u5316\u59cb\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u6162\u6162\u5730\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u5f00\u59cb\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7684\u6216\u751f\u7269\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5177\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u589e\u52a0\u903b\u8f91\u6df1\u5ea6\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\n\n\u7b2c 13 \u7ae0\u3000\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u7269\u7406\u7684\uff08\u4e07\u7269\u6e90\u81ea\u6bd4\u7279\uff09\n\n\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u963f\u5947\u535a\u5c14\u5fb7\u00b7\u60e0\u52d2\uff0c\u6838\u88c2\u53d8\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3001\u73bb\u5c14\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u8d39\u66fc\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u3001\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u547d\u540d\u8005\u3001 20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u5065\u5728\u7684\u5de8\u4eba\u3002(\u60e0\u52d2\u5df2\u4e8e2008\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16)\n\u8bda\u5982\u5f17\u5170\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u57f9\u6839\u5728 1625\u5e74\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u9ed1\u6697\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u989c\u8272\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u90fd\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u201d\n\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u4e0e\u970d\u91d1\u5c31\u6b64\u6253\u4e86\u4e2a\u8d4c\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u666e\u904d\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u4ed6\u8d4c\u4fe1\u606f\u4e00\u5b9a\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ece\u9ed1\u6d1e\u4e2d\u9003\u4e86\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u8d4c\u6ce8\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u5957\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\uff0c\u7531\u83b7\u80dc\u65b9\u6765\u6311\u3002\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4f26\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u8428\u65af\u574e\u5fb7\uff08 Leonard Susskind\uff09\u4e5f\u7ad9\u5230\u4e86\u666e\u96f7\u65af\u57fa\u5c14\u4e00\u8fb9\u3002(gem: Lenoard Susskind\u4e5f\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u4e2dLeonard\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u4e5f\u5e38\u88ab\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82cf\u4e16\u4f83\uff09\n\u9057\u5fd8\u9700\u8981\u529f\u3002\n\u672c\u5185\u7279\u5728 IBM\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u7684\u5899\u811a\u6446\u653e\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u50cf\u662f\u5ac1\u5986\u7bb1\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5bc6\u4e0d\u900f\u5149\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u79f0\u5b83\u4e3a\u201c\u739b\u838e\u963f\u59e8\u201d\uff08\u5176\u5b9e\u5168\u79f0\u662f\u201c\u739b\u838e\u963f\u59e8\u7684\u68fa\u6750\u201d\uff09\u3002\n\n\u7b2c 14 \u7ae0\u3000\u6d2a\u6d41\u8fc7\u540e\uff08\u4e00\u672c\u5b8f\u5927\u7684\u5df4\u522b\u76f8\u518c\uff09\n\n\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u5df4\u8d1d\u5947\u51fa\u7248\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u517c\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u8def\u6613\u00b7\u8fbe\u76d6\u5c14\uff08 Louis Daguerre\uff09\u516c\u5f00\u6f14\u793a\u4e86\u7ecf\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u3001\u5229\u7528\u94f6\u7248\u6355\u83b7\u89c6\u89c9\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\n\"\u7ef4\u57fa\"\uff08 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